Marks And Spencers Organizational Structure Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1110 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Every organization has some goals to achieve and these goals can be achieved only by combined efforts of various resources, this includes division of work and grouping of numerous activities performed in an organization, according to the required need and specialization. And to attain these goals it is important for an organization to have a proper organizational structure. In order to achieve maximum performance organizational structure has to be appropriate and matched with the rate of change in the environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marks And Spencers Organizational Structure Business Essay" essay for you Create order (Burns and Stalker, 1961)Size of organizational structure depends on the size of the business small organizations have small structure and as it grows becomes mega structure. Structural development are of two types vertical and horizontal, line of authority and reporting channel comes under vertical structure while the horizontal structure is about the division of work and specialization. Tiers of organizational structure are indicative of power structure, positions and its inter-se relationship, roles, channels of reporting, delegation and accountability. For the effective organizational structure it must be reviewed time to time and modified particularly for the current state where the cut cost is the most important order for an organization to be competitive (Kondalkar, 2006). Organizational structure is defined as the establishment of authority relationships with provision for coordination between them, both vertically and horizontally in the enterprise structure (Koontz, 1994 ). Indicators of good organizational structure The structure must have formal reporting hierarchy from lowest to the highest level. Identical activities should be grouped in one department so that equipment, machines, processes and expertise should come under one departmental head and with other department formal reporting can be used. Coordination of various activities and coordinating authority must be specified. All departmental goals must be specified with the time frame. Superiority between the departmental heads is mostly the point of organizational conflict proper monitoring is essential for this. Standing orders, polices, procedures, drills and regulation should exit in an organization. These are obligatory to be placed in detail, duties of each and every job reduces operating problems (Kondalkar, 2006). Organizational structure of Marks Spencer MS follows a flat organizational structure; this type of organizational structure has limited levels of management between administrative level and front-line employees. This structure is followed in organization to encourage employees in more decision making process. This structure is followed basically to decrease bureaucracy and make employees more skilled by authorizing them to make decisions. And due to less management levels communication between upper managers and base line employees become easy which allows rapid change and problem solution (Strinfellow, 2010). Flat organizational structure has pyramid shape, but unlike traditional one its broader and flatter this is because there are fewer levels of management between top and bottom of pyramid it also may have different departments with head and manager leading each unit with the executive management at top of pyramid. C:UsersHASHAMDesktopCapture 2.JPG Source : The Times 100 Marks Spencer have a flat organizational structure as a result of reducing the layer of authority through delayering which increased the individual responsibility of employees and their departments. Due to this employees have to take quick decisions from time to time with the preparation to explain and justify their decisions and this increases there accountability without increasing the organizations expenditure (Appendix A). There are around 3000 people employed at Marks Spencer Head Office in London. All these employees are specialist of their own field and work for organization on their given task these people are involved in managing stocks and their layout within stores and working in marketing, managing and accounts. Around 65,000 people work in MS stores, many in management roles, lead and motivate their team and people. MS also got franchises outlets overseas. (MS, 2010) This new flatter structure increased the demand for more training so as to come over it MS star ted developing staff within the organization. It also recruits managers from outside the organization at three different levels: Trainee managers passed A level will have 24 months training Pick graduates from university and gives 12 months training Experienced managers from other operations have trained for 3 months. Each of these managers is supposed to have important managerial skills like working in team, leadership, financial skilled etc.(The Times 100). Significance and benefit of flatter organizational structure In large organizations, traditional organizational structure is basically used but due to many levels of management between top-level and baseline staff, decision making have to go through these process, leaving front-line staffs to answer the delay to customers which decrease productivity. While the flat organizational structure has less middle management, allows the whole organization work with ease and less resistance. This increase the productivity of organization as well as using a flat structure can decrease the budget by cutting the middles men cost and decrease the communication barriers (Borkar, 2010). Organization that analyse function of middle managers can allocate necessary tasks to other members by giving lower level staffs more responsibility or assigning some duties to upper management. Beside these there are lots of activities which are actually a burden on organization can be eliminated by eliminating middle managers (Strinfellow, 2010). Conclusion A flat organizational structure is good for small organizations, because in there it is possible to decentralize some decision-making while corporate integrity is maintained, though it is hard for a big business organization because it can result in loss of control of upper manager in the functioning of business. Flat organizational structure can be used by large companies only by setting up in different divisions but corporate control and final decision at executive level is important at the end. MS followed the flat organizational structure so as to cut the overall cost of organization and speed up the working. They achieve this but still there are some block holes like increase in bosses makes lower level to report 2 or 3 different bosses this can create confusion and communication problem. Overall MS followed a good organizational structure but because it is vast organization so they have to make and follow more suitable organizational structure for better future of company. Reference Borkar, R. (2010) Flat Organizational Structure. Burns, T. and Stalker, G. M. (1961) The Management of Innovation. Accessible from: https://www.buzzle.com/articles/flat-organizational-structure.html Kondalkar, V.G. (2006) Organizational Behaviour, New Age International Edition. Koontz. H (1994) Management, Mc Graw Hills International Edition. MS (2007) Organisational structure and careers. Accessible from: www.thetimes100.co.uk MS (2010) Student Information. Accessible from: https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/student_info MS (2010) The Official Board. Accessible from: https://www.theofficialboard.com/org-chart/marks-and-spencer-group Strinfellow, A. (2010) About Flat Organization Structure. Accessible from: https://www.ehow.com/about_5087590_flat-organization-structure.html

The Techniques of Advertising Essay - 1427 Words

The Techniques of Advertising Advertisings are created to make us buy things. All the companies want to sell their products, because they want to make profit. When a company knows that a product that it manufactures is not very good they do not share that with their customers. On the contrary, they make a very impressive advertising for the product, because all they want is to sell it. Everyone knows that advertising a product is not really done because the product is just wonderful and everyone should know about it. Companies sure do care about their customers and they want these customers to come back and buy more. They care about that because they want to make profit, not because they want their customers’ hair to be dandruff free,†¦show more content†¦They say:† better ingredients, better pizza, papa John’s.† First of all I don’t understand what they meant by saying â€Å"better†. Better than what? I assume that it is better than the pizza that I eat now. How d o they know it is better? Different people like different types of pizza; some people even like it when it is homemade. I love the pizza that my grandmother prepares more than any other type of pizza I have ever tasted. She has a little garden outside her house and she plants peppers and some tomatoes there. No one can ever convince me that they have â€Å"better ingredients† and â€Å"better pizza† than my grandmother’s. In this case again if we do not pay attention to all these facts and one day we feel the most severe hunger, the line pops up in our head â€Å"Better ingredients, better pizza, Papa John’s†. We put our shoes on and run to the nearest Papa John’s restaurant because the company’s advertisers have made us believe that they sell the best pizza. Another technique that advertisers use is the presence of role models. You see a person like Lebron James advertising the soft drink Sprite. You may start thinking that since he is such a good basketball player and he drinks Sprite then if you start drinking it may be you will look like him at least a little. You look at Halle Berry advertising Revlon make-up. She says to you:† Only Revlon makes it, only you make it unforgettable.† Even if Revlon makes the exactShow MoreRelatedThe Techniques of Advertising Essay458 Words   |  2 PagesThe Techniques of Advertising Advertising There are obviously a lot of techniques used for adverting such as getting the attention of the reader or viewer. Advertising has been used for decades; however different techniques are slowly being introduced. As example of this would be that in the 60s, companies had a low budget to advertise, whereas now a days they have multi-million pound budgets to advertise their product. 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In the article â€Å"Propaganda Techniques in Today’s advertising,† Ann McClintock describes different types advertising techniques in her essay that are used currently by the advertisers and by theRead MorePropaganda Techniques Of Today s Advertising By Ann Mcclintock Essay906 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Propaganda Techniques in Today s Advertising† by Ann McClintock, the author discusses how Americans are being brainwashed by advertisements and the different techniques they use to catch our attention. Ads are simply everywhere we look, it is impossible to get through the day without seeing one. All advertising companies put tons of research into how consumers spend money or even vote. Once these companies finish their research, they create advertisements that appeal to the masses. The basicRead MoreThe importance of marketing and advertising in business. What are the best advertising tools and techniques in attracting the viewers?1421 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Topic: The importance of marketing and advertising in business. What are the best advertising tools and techniques in attracting the viewers? Marketing is a very important aspect in business since it contributes greatly to the success of the organization. Production and distribution depend largely on marketing. Many people think that advertising and marketing are basically the same. These two concepts are different in many aspects. They are, in fact, not the same although they are very muchRead MorePropaganda Techniques Today s Advertising By Anne Mcclintock1673 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Propaganda Techniques in Today’s Advertising† by Anne McClintock, McClintock shows seven different ways that propaganda is used. One mostly used by advertisement today would be Glittering Generalities, using positive words to bring attraction to their product while concealing the actual meanings. They will use inspiring words that are very vague that the consumer would not really understand what the product would really do to benefit them but would be inspired to buy it anyways. Another technique mostlyRead MoreThe Role and Importance of Advertising967 Words   |  4 PagesInvestigate the role and importance of advertising 1a.Explain and demonstrate how advertising can be designed to differentiate,remind,inform and persuade†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .page 3 1b.Evaluate appropriate uses and applications for advertising in two given situations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 3 1c.Evaluate the role,organization and functions of agencies in the advertising process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...page 3 Read MoreThe Most Effective Form of Media Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesyour eye and they may interest you. 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Communication in Organization for Tasty Bites - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommunication in Organization for Tasty Bites. Answer: Introduction The report takes into consideration the importance of communication in a business and the different aspects that become significant in the effective operational activities of an organization. Proper communication between the employees in an organization is a pillar of success as it helps to motivate them in achieving the goals. Recruitment and selection, sales and marketing and customer relationship management are the different departments which any organization should focus for improvement. About Company and Interviewee Tasty Bites is a renowned restaurant chain located in America with an Indian touch and flavor. The restaurant has a wonderful history. A small group of school friends went for a get-together one day and took a decision after making a detailed discussion that they would like to set up a business. Every one of them was having some sort of experience of working in Indian restaurants after they left their school. This gave them added motivation to go for the venture. They opened the restaurant in a place where there were no Indian restaurants and lot of Indians was living there. The demand of Indian food was on a high demand there at that time. They set a goal to serve best quality food along with excellent customer service. They wanted to create loyal customers who would be their pillars of success. Selena Fernandez is presently the manager of Tasty Bites. She looked after many operational activities. Selena has been with the restaurant chain for about 5 years. She had always been there when the restaurant has been in any form of tumultuous condition or struggling financially. She looks after the business performance of the restaurant, make analysis of any plans being taken and also the sales level of the restaurant chain. She also has the responsibility to check the profitability, make reports for editing and the budget and even the operations of the restaurant. Selena also looks after the employees, provide training to them and motivate them for better performance. Methods of Conducting Research Tasty Bites has become a renowned name in the restaurant chain industry under the managerial leadership of Selena Fernandez. I have selected her for an interview as she is successfully managing an Indian restaurant without being an Indian and got appreciation from the Indians living there, both for the quality of food as well as the customer service. Under her leadership, the restaurant has made huge revenue. Among the contemporary women managers, her performance was remarkably well and this had been my first and foremost reason to take her interview. I have persuaded her by intimating the fact that she has become very popular and many people all over the world, especially the business persons want to know her roles and responsibilities and how she manages all the managerial functions all by herself. She was also being informed that this interview of her will be available on YouTube and will be telecasted on television. I had conducted a face-to-face interview with her so that I would be able to ask her questions in details. Cognitive Dissonance Theory of Persuasion Cognitive dissonance is defined a situation where a person is having conflicting attitudes, behaviors and beliefs (Petty, Ostrom and Brock 2014). He becomes perplexed about which one to choose among two things. This theory states that the minds of human beings have a tendency to avoid these clashes through various ways and get harmony. This theory also suggests that in order to persuade people to do something, an external source has enough effect to change the mind of a person or force him to do something. In the same way, Selena Fernandez is persuaded by the information that her interview would be shown publicly and people were very eager to know about her role and responsibilities in Tasty Bites. Theory on Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication helps to study the communication across various cultures and groups of the society (Samovar et al. 2014). It is also called cross-cultural communication. It gives emphasis on patterns of thinking, social attributes and cultures of different people (Fiske and Taylor 2013). It helps to know the different languages, cultures and customs of people from different countries. Personal Analysis Face-to-face communication has many advantages which I felt while conducting the interview with the manager of the restaurant. It is a synchronized form of communication that gives a lot of information about his or her body language to the interviewer (Liu et al. 2016). There is very less time delay in case of face-to-face interview as the chance of getting the answers is very fast (Brinkmann 2014). When a person is able to see another person in front of him or her, he will be much more flexible in answering the questions thrown to him (Wagner and Compton 2015). Other forms of communication may have some problems. There is no chance of distortion in case of face to-face interview which is present in digital medium like email or talking over phone (Guirdham 2014). I have analyzed that my persuasion style for the manager had close links with the cognitive dissonance theory. According to this theory, an external source compels a person to do against his or her will (Sparks, Perkins and Buckley 2013). A person, in a state of bewilderment of making a choice between two or more things is termed as cognitive dissonance (Webb 2016). The manager was also persuaded by the information that she will be telecasted in the television and people all over the world will be able to see her. She will become even more popular. This prompted her to attend the interview and interact in details. Conclusions It has been inferred from the report that there are various factors which are responsible for the success of an organization. The various aspects like managerial decision making, recruitment and selection, inter-cultural communication, sales and marketing and assessing the budgets are taken into account for the proper functioning of an organization. A manager of a company has been interviewed and a detailed discussion has been made about the history of the company. The way of selection of the interviewee, the method of conducting the research, the ways to persuade the interviewee and the technique of interview has been mentioned. A theory on persuasion and intercultural communication have been taken into consideration and analyzed. Recommendations I have stated some suggestions as to how the company of the interviewee can improve its performance in all its activities. As far as I have analyzed, the company Tasty Bites have some good things for its business. It is still lacking in some areas where it needs immediate improvements for better business performance. I would recommend the company to look after the staffing, training and recruitment of the employees so that competent and qualified people can be hired for various positions of the organization (Sanghi 2016). The objectives of the company need to be properly communicated so that the new employees will be able to understand. The restaurant must be kept neat and clean for hygienic purposes. The sales and marketing department needs to be more active for the attraction of more customers by the utilization of comprehensive marketing tools (Johnston and Marshall 2016). Customer relationship management is another area where the manager of the restaurant needs to take care of (P eppers and Rogers 2016). References Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology (pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Fiske, S.T. and Taylor, S.E., 2013. Social cognition: From brains to culture. Sage. Guirdham, M., 2014. Work Communication: Mediated and Face-to-face Practices. Palgrave Macmillan. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016. Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Liu, N., Mok, C., Witt, E.E., Pradhan, A.H., Chen, J.E. and Reiss, A.L., 2016. NIRS-based hyperscanning reveals inter-brain neural synchronization during cooperative Jenga game with face-to-face communication. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 10. Peppers, D. and Rogers, M., 2016. Managing Customer Experience and Relationships: A Strategic Framework. John Wiley Sons. Petty, R., Ostrom, T.M. and Brock, T.C., 2014. Cognitive responses in persuasion. Psychology Press. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. and Roy, C.S., 2014. Intercultural communication: A reader. Cengage Learning. Sanghi, S., 2016. The handbook of competency mapping: understanding, designing and implementing competency models in organizations. SAGE Publications India. Sparks, B.A., Perkins, H.E. and Buckley, R., 2013. Online travel reviews as persuasive communication: The effects of content type, source, and certification logos on consumer behavior. Tourism Management, 39, pp.1-9. Wagner, T. and Compton, R.A., 2015. Creating innovators: The making of young people who will change the world. Simon and Schuster. Webb, R., 2016. Ekphrasis, imagination and persuasion in ancient rhetorical theory and practice. Routledge.

Why is it so Hard to Formulate and Implement U.S. National Security Strategy

Introduction A national security strategy by definition is a document outlining national security issues and the plans or methodology on how to deal with issues. In the US the document is prepared by the executive and then handed over to the congress for discussions. The document gives the main concerns on the US national security and the means to deal with them.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Why is it so Hard to Formulate and Implement U.S. National Security Strategy? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the recent years, the US has tried to enhance and improve their security alerts due to the increase in rates of crime as well as their involvement in various wars that expose the country to enemies. This paper focuses on why it is so hard to formulate and implement U.S. national Security strategy. Why is it so Hard to Formulate and Implement U.S. National Security Strategy? The formulation and implementati on of a national security strategy starts by answering a few questions such as who is the enemy, the objectives of the strategy, what is the outcome of a successful strategy, what is to win on security and the evaluation of the risks associated with counter attacks by terrorists (Axe, Malou and Reich 1). The United States has not yet managed to answer these questions which have made it difficult for the nation to formulate and implement a security strategy (Axe, Malou and Reich 1). The changes in leadership have led to difficulties in formulation and implementation of national security strategy because; every president comes with his/her team of policy makers. The new team rather than taking over from where the first team hard reached, it goes back to the starting point. In case a new government comes in before the current team achieves its objectives, the process goes back to the start (U.S. Department of State 1-18). The use of several national security structures that are involve d in matter pertaining to security make the formulation and implementation difficult due to the structures differences and inability to come to a consensus on the issues (JCS 1-8). This even becomes worse if some of the structures proof to be superior to others. This gives support to President Obama idea to merge the National and Homeland Security Councils. Lack of enough anticipation by the US on their enemy makes it hard for them to formulate and implement the national security strategy (Boone 79).Advertising Looking for coursework on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, in measuring the outcomes of a security strategy, there must be evaluation of the anticipated outcomes as stipulated in the strategy. The US has been unable to anticipate the outcomes of the national security strategy which have led to difficulties in the formulation and implementation (Seth and Treverton 4-6). Another difficulty fac ed in the formulation and implementation of national security strategy is the financial problems. National security formulation and implementation requires a lot of money which is even worse when a country engages in a war. The US has also faced financial challenges where the government has to spend wisely the taxpayers’ Dollars to prevent the country from financial crisis (Obama 34). One of the main objectives of US security is the reverse of biological and nuclear weapons (Obama 23). This makes it difficult for US in the formulation and implementation of national security strategy as it has risks to the whole world. Formulation and implementation of strategies on this requires a good approach not to jeopardise the world security. Similarly, the advanced technology has enhanced the difficulties in formulation and implementation. The terrorists’ technology has advanced as the security technology advances which make it hard for the security team to counter the terrorist s Works Cited Axe, David, Malou Innocent, Jason Reich. â€Å"Defining Victory to Win a War†. Foreign Policy. 6 Oct. 2009. Web. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/06/defining-victory-to-win-a-war/. Boone, Bartholomees. U.S. Army War College: Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy (second edition). Washington: US Government Press, 2006. Print. Obama, Barrack. US National Security Strategy. Washington: The White House, 2010. Print.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Why is it so Hard to Formulate and Implement U.S. National Security Strategy? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Seth, Jones and Gregory Treverton. Measuring National Power. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2005. Print. The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). Overview of the National Security Structure. The Joint Chiefs of Staff. Web. U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historians. History of the National Security Council. Washington, Bureau o f Public Affairs, 1947-1997. This coursework on Why is it so Hard to Formulate and Implement U.S. National Security Strategy? was written and submitted by user Axel Allison to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.